Mashruuca La Soco
Barashada Waxbarasho Ee Ugu Wayn Abid
Hal daraasad oo weyn oo ay tahay in waalidku runtii ogaadaan waa Mashruuca Raacitaanka, oo la dhammeeyey 1970-yadii. Tani waxay ahayd daraasaddii waxbarasho ee ugu weynayd ee abid la sameeyo, oo ku kacday in ka badan $600 milyan, oo daboolaysa 79,000 carruur ah oo ku nool 180 bulsho. Mashruucani waxa uu baadhay barnaamijyo kala duwan iyo falsafado waxbarasho si loo barto sida loo horumariyo waxbarashada carruurta danyarta ah ee fasallada K-3. (Waxaa la bilaabay iyadoo laga jawaabayo indha-indheynta in carruurta Head Start ay luminayaan faa'iidooyinka Head Start fasalka saddexaad.) Natiijooyinka togan ee la doonayo waxaa ka mid ah xirfadaha aasaasiga ah, xirfadaha garashada ("fikirka nidaamka sare") iyo guulaha saamaynta leh (isku-kalsoonaanta). Barnaamijyo badan ayaa la hirgeliyay muddo 5-sano ah natiijadana waxaa falanqeeyay Machadka Cilmi-baarista Stanford (SRI) iyo Abt Associates (Cambridge, MA). Barnaamijyada kala duwan ee la daraaseeyay waxa loo qaybin karaa saddexda fasal ee kor lagu sifeeyay (Xirfadaha Aasaasiga ah, Garashada-Fikirka, Waxtarka-Garaadka).
Barnaamijka natiijadii ugu fiicnayd guud ahaan bixiyay wuxuu ahaa Tilmaam toos ah oo run ah, qayb hoosaad ka ah Xirfadaha Aasaasiga ah. Noocyada kale ee barnaamijka, kuwaas oo si dhow ula mid ah xeeladaha waxbarasho ee maanta (iyaga oo leh calaamado ay ka mid yihiin "dhammaan," "waxbarasho ku salaysan arday," "waxbarasho-u-barasho," "waxbarasho firfircoon," "waxbarasho iskaashi," iyo "luqad dhan") way ka hooseeyaan. Ardeyda hesha waxbarashada tooska ah waxay ka wanagsanayen kuwa ku jira dhamaan barnaamijyada kale marka lagu tijaabiyo akhriska, xisaabta, higaada, iyo luuqada. Laakiin ka waran "fekerka heerka sare" iyo isku kalsoonida? Ka soo horjeeda malo-awaalka caadiga ah, Tilmaanta tooska ah waxay hagaajisay xirfadaha garashada si aad ah marka loo eego kooxaha kantaroolka waxayna sidoo kale muujisay horumarka ugu sarreeya ee dhibcaha isku-kalsoonaanta marka loo eego kooxaha kantaroolka. Ardeyda ku jirta barnaamijka Xarunta Waxbarashada Furan, halkaas oo isku-kalsoonaanta ay ahayd yoolka koowaad, waxay dhaliyeen HOOSE marka loo eego kooxaha kantaroolka ee aaggaas! Sida Dr. Jones u dhigay, "Gabagabada aan la dabooli karin ee Mashruuca Raacitaanka waa in carruurta ku qoran barnaamijyada waxbarashada, kuwaas oo leh ujeeddooyin tacliimeed oo si fiican loo qeexay, waxay ku raaxaysan doonaan guul weyn oo ku saabsan xirfadaha aasaasiga ah, xirfadaha fekerka, iyo isku kalsoonaanta. dhab ahaantii waxay u muuqataa inay ka timid kibirka in aad noqoto qof karti u leh xirfadaha muhiimka ah ee tacliinta."
Dr. Jones wuxuu sii wadaa inuu sahamiyo falcelinta murugada leh ee barayaasha badan kuwaas oo helay fikradahooda inay hoos u dhigeen xogta adag. Halkii wax laga beddeli lahaa, qaar badan ayaa si fudud u iska indho-tiray daraasadda oo u sii waday sidii hore. (Tusaale dhow oo tan ah ayaa ah isticmaalka joogtada ah ee waxbarashada akhriska luqadda oo dhan ee dugsiyada, in kasta oo caddayn xad dhaaf ah oo guul-darradu jirto). Maanta, waxaan helnaa in dugsiyadu ay qarashgareeyaan si aad iyo aad u badan si ay u hirgeliyaan noocyada barnaamijyada waxbarashada "wax ku oolka leh" iyo "garashada", iyada oo la sii wado inay ka soo jeestaan wax kasta oo u dhow Tilmaamaha Tooska ah. Tani ma keenin horumarinta xirfadaha aasaasiga ah, fikirka oo hagaagay, ama kalsoonida nafta oo horumartay.
Jones waxa kale oo uu ka hadlay cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan saamaynta mustaqbalka fog ee kuwa helay Tilmaamaha Tooska ah ee Mashruuca Raacitaanka iyo daraasad gaar ah oo ay sameeyeen Gersten iyo Keating. Carruurta helaya Waxbarista Tooska ah ee dhabta ah waxay aad ugu dhowaayeen inay ka qalin jabiyaan dugsiga sare iyo in laga aqbalo kuleejka iyo inay muujiyaan guulaha wakhtiga fog ee akhriska, luuqada, iyo buundooyinka xisaabta.
Tixraacyada kala duwan ee Jones uu siinayo Mashruuca Raacitaanka, waxaan ku qori doonaa saddex:
Stebbins, LB, RG St. Pierre, EC Proper, RB Anderson, iyo TR Cerva. Waxbarashada Sida Tijaabo: Qaabka Kala Duwanaanshaha La Qorsheeyay, Mugga IV-A, Qiimaynta La Socodka. Abt Associates, Cambridge, MA, 1977.
Bock, G., LB Stebbins, iyo EC Habboon. Waxbarashada Sida Tijaabo: Qaabka Kala Duwan ee Qorshaysan, Mugga IV-B, Saamaynta Raacitaanka Moodooyinka, Abt Associates, Cambridge, MA, 1977. Iyadoo loo marayo Taxanaha Tijaabada Kala Duwan ee Qorshaysan.]
Meyer, LA Saamaynta tacliimeed ee muddada dheer ee mashruuca Tilmaanta Tooska ah ayaa raacda. Joornaalka Dugsiga Hoose. 84: 380-304 (1984).
Ilaha soo socda ayaa lagula taliyay sida daraasado muujinaya faa'iidooyinka mustaqbalka fog ee Tilmaamaha tooska ah ee ilmaha:
Gersten, R., & Keating, T (1987). Faa'iidooyinka Muddada Dheer ee Tilmaamaha Tooska ah. Hogaaminta Waxbarashada, 44(6), 28-29.
Gersten, R., Keating, T., & Becker, W. (1988). Saamaynta Joogtada ah ee Tusaalaha Tilmaamaha Tooska ah: Daraasadaha Dheeraadka ah ee Raacitaanka Ardayda. Waxbarashada iyo Daaweynta Carruurta, 11(4), 318-327.
Gary Adams, Mashruuca Raacitaanka iyo Ka Dhanba, Dhaqanka Dugsiga ee Waxtarka leh, Volume 15, No. 1, Winter, 1995-6 Mawduuca: Muxuu Mashruucaasi Raacday? Tani sidoo kale waxaa laga heli karaa http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~adiep/ft/151toc.htm.
Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan Tilmaamaha Tooska ah ee Gary Adams iyo Siegfried Engelmann. Lagu heli karo $24.95 + $4 rarida iyo la tacaalida iyada oo loo marayo Nidaamyada Kasbashada Waxbarashada, 319 Nickerson St. - Suite 112, Seattle, WA 98109. (Ma ogtahay in celceliska buundada boqolleyda ee ardayda wax akhriska DI ay tahay .72 boqolkiiba iyo .87 xagga xisaabta DI ma xuma!)